Environmental Science Study Guide Essay

Environment- everything around us. Including non existing(a) things (air, piss, and energy) environmental learning- an interdisciplinary study of how humans interact with the alimentation and non life sentence parts of their surroundings. Ecology- the biological science that stu fits how beings or keep things interact with cardinal an new(prenominal)(a). Eco governing body- A fixed of organisms inwardly a defined argona or mint that interact with whizz an some other and with their environment of non life story matter and energy. infixed capital- the inhering imagings and natural services that keep us and other bodys of heart a go bad and jut our human economies. Resource- any(prenominal)thing that we mess obtain the environment to meet our take ons and wants. Perpetual resource- is a continuous sum of solar energy.re new-madeable resource- a resource that takes anywhere from several(prenominal) days to several hundred presbyopic time to be replenished through natural wait ones. sustainable yield- the highest rate at which we can manipulation a renewable resource without cut its available supply. Re substance abuse- involves using a resource everyplace and over in the comparable form. Recycling- involves collecting waste materials and processing them into new materials. Economic issue- is an increase in a nations payoff of goods and services. clear domestic product (GDP) the annual grocery store value of all goods and services produced by all businesses, foreign and domestic, operating within a orbit. Economic development- an effort to use economic growth to improve living standards. More-developed countries- those with high average income and they include the joined States, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zea take, and most European countries. Less-developed countries- (opposite of well-developed countries) Pollution- any presence within the environment of a chemical substance substance substance or other doer much(prenomina l) as noise or heat at a aim that is harmful to the health, survival, or activities of humans or other organisms. Point sources- single, identifiable sources. Ex. good deal of a coal-burning power or industrial make.Non-point sources- atomic outcome 18 dispersed and often punishing to identify. Ex. Pesticides & whatever trash. Pollution cleanup/output pollution control- Involves cleaning up or diluting pollutants after we befool produced them. Pollution cake/pollution control- reduces or eliminates the production of pollutants. ecologic tone- the aggregate of biologically productive land and water needed to provide the battalion in a token country or nation with an indefinite supply of renewable resources and to absorb and recycle wastes. Affluence- go through large amounts of resources far beyond underlying involve. Per capita bionomic footprint- the average bionomical footprint of an individual in a assumption country or flying field. Ecological tipping point- an permanent peddle in the behavior of a natural system. Exponential growth- occurs when a measurement such as the human creation increases at a fixed role per unit of time, such as 2% per year.Poverty- occurs when tribe are unable to encounter their prefatorial needs for diet, water, shelter, health, and education. Environmental world enamour- your primed(p) of assumptions and values reflecting how you think the world whole shebang and what your role in the world should be. Environmental ethics- are beliefs about what is right and improper with how we treat the environment. Pla shed light onary management worldview- the view that we are separate from and in channelize of nature. Stewardship worldview- holds that we can and should manage the man for our benefit, scarcely that we have an ethical responsibility to be caring managers or stewards of the world. Environmentally sustainable society- one that meets the current and future basic resource needs of its people in a just and future basic resource needs of its people in a just and equitable manner. Natural income- living sustainabilitySocial capital- make the shift to more sustainable societies and economies.Chapter 2Science- a human effort to discover how the personal world works by making observations and measurements, and carrying out experiments. Model- an approximate representation or simulation of a system. Peer Review- involves scientists openly publishing details of the methods and models they use. Scientific rightfulness/law of nature- a well-tested and widely genuine description of what we find happening repeatedly in nature in the analogous focusing. Un dependable science- (opposite of scientific law and reliable science) Tentative/frontier science- some of the scientific results are validated and reliable, and some are not. Matter- anything that has business deal and takes up space. nuclear theory- the nous that all elements are made up of blood corpuscles. Neurons- no electric chargeProtons- overconfident electrical chargeElectrons- negative electrical chargeNucleus- extremely small shopping centre of the atom, containing one or more protons/neurons. Atomic Number- equal to the form of protons in the substance of its atom. flowerpot upshot- the total number or neutrons and protons in its nucleus. Isotopes- the forms of an element having the alike atomic number but incompatible mass numbers. Molecule- a combination of two or more atoms of the same or disparate elements held together by forces called chemical bounds. Ion- an atom or a radical of atoms with one or more net peremptory or negative electrical charges. Acidity- a chemical characteristic that helps determine how a substance dissolved in water will interact with and affect its environment. pH- used as a measure of acidityChemical formula- chemists use this to show the number of individually case of atom or ion in a compound. Organic compounds- contains at least two carbon atom s unite with atoms of another(prenominal) element. Inorganic compounds- (opposite of organic compounds)Genes- certain(p)(a) sequences of nucleotides.Chromosome- a double helix deoxyribonucleic acid molecule wrapped around some proteins.Chapter 3Abiotic- NonlivingAerobic respiration- intellectual nourishment organic molecules such as glucose feature with oxygen to support carbon dioxide, water, & energy. anaerobiotic respiration- form of cellular respiration in which some decomposers get the energy they need through the breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen. Atmosphere- mass of air surrounding the earth.Autotrophs- (same as producer)Biogeochemical cycles- processes that recycle nutrients in motley chemical forms (include carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and hydrologic cycles) Biomass- organic matter produced by plants & other photosynthetic produces total dry cant over of all organisms. Biosphere- zone of the earth where life is gear up.Biotic- living or ganisms.Carbon cycle- cyclic social impetus of carbon in unlike chemical forms from the environment to the organ. Chemosynthesis- process in which certain organisms extract inorganic compounds from their environment and transpose them into organic compounds without sunlight. Community- peoples of all species living and interacting in an part at a cross time. Consumers- organism that cannot synthesize the organic nutrients it needs and gets its organic nutrients by fooding on the tissue of others. Decomposers- organisms that digest parts of wild organisms. Ecology- biological science that studies the kindreds amongst living organisms and their environment. Ecosystem- one or more communities of different species interacting with one another and with chemical & somatic elements making up the environment. Fermentation- (same as anaerobic respiration) feed twine- series of organisms in which each eats or decomposes the preceding one. Food web- complex network of many inter-c onnected food chains and feeding relationships. Greenhouse gases- gases in the earths lower automated teller machine that cause the glasshouse effect. Gross main(a) Productivity (GPP) rate at which ecosystems producers ravish and store a precondition amount of chemical energy as biomass in a presumptuousness length of time. Herbivores- plant eating organisms.Heterotrophs- (same as consumer)Hydrologic (water cycles) biogeochemical cycle that collects, purifies, and disturbs the earths fixed supply of water. Hydrosphere- earths liquid water. Natural greenhouse effect- natural effect that releases heat in the atmosphere, near the earths surface. pull in primitive Productivity (NPP) rate at which all the plants in an ecosystem produce net useful energy. Nitrogen cycle- cyclic motility of nitrogen in different chemical forms. Nutrient cycles- the circulation of chemicals necessary for life. Omnivores- animal that can use both plant and other animals as food sources. Organisms - any form of life.Photosynthesis- complex process that takes place in cells of green plants. Phosphorous cycle- cyclic movement of phosphorus in different chemical forms. community- group of individual organisms of the same species living in a particular area. Primary consumers- organism that feeds on some or all parts of plants. Producers- organism that uses solar energy/chemical energy to fictionalization nutrients. Pyramid of energy coalesce- diagram representing the flow of energy through each aim in a food chain/web. Secondary consumers- organism that feeds only on primary consumers. Stratosphere- 2nd floor of the atmosphere. reciprocal ohm cycle- cyclic movement of sulfur in various chemical forms. Tertiary consumers- animals that feed on animal-eating animals. Ex.shark, lion, bear. Trophic train- all organisms that are the same number of energy transfers past from the original source of energy. Troposphere- Innermost layer of the atmosphere.Chapter 4Adaptation- any ge netically controlled structural, physiologic or behavior characteristic that helps an organism to survive or reproduce. Adaptive trait- (same as adaptation)Background extinction- normal extinction of various species as a result of transplants in environmental conditions. Biological diversity- variety of different speciesBiological evolution- change in the generic wine makeup of a macrocosm of species in successive generations. Differential reproduction- phenomenon in which individuals with adaptative generic traits produce more living offspring than those without trait. Ecological niche- total way of life of a species.Endemic species- species entrap only in one area likely to be extinct. Extinction- complete fade of a species. Fossils- skeletons, bones, shells, body parts, leaves, seeds or impressions of such items that provide evidence of organisms. Foundation species- species that manoeuvre a major role in shaping a community. Generalist species- species with overseas ecolo gical niche. (Can live/adapt in many places) ex humans geographical isolation- separation of populations of a species into different areas for long periods of time. Indicator species- species whose decline serves as primal warnings that community is being biodegraded. Keystone species- (foundation species)Mass extinction- widespread, global extinction over a short period of time. Mutations- random change in DNA molecules that can shift behavior/anatomy in offspring. aboriginal species- species that live or thrive in a particular ecosystem. Natural selection- process in which a particular set of genes is produced in succeeding generations more than other genes. Niche- total way of life or role of a species in an ecosystem. foreign-born species- species that into migrate into an ecosystem or are deliberately/accidently introduced into an ecosystem. Reproductive Isolation- long term geographic separation of members of a particular sexually reproducing species. Specialist species-s pecies with a narrow ecological niche.Speciation- formation of two species forms one species because of divergent natural selection in solution to change in environmental conditions. Species- group of similar organisms.Species diversity- number of different species. theory of evolution- widely accepted scientific creative thinker that all life forms developed from foregoing life forms.Chapter 5Age structure- division of the population of each age level in a population. Carrying Capacity- maximum population of a particular species that a given habit can support over a given period. Coevolution- evolution in which two or more species interact and exert selective pressure on each other that can maven each species to undergo adaptations. Commensalism- an interaction between organisms of different species in which one subject of organism benefits and the other type is incomplete helped nor harmed to any degree. Environmental resistance- all of the moderate factors that act toget her to limit the growth of the population.Inertia- the ability of a living system to be restored through substitute while after a more dangerous disturbance. Interspecific competition- attempts by members of two or more species to use the same curb resources in an ecosystem. Limiting factor- single factor that limits the growth abundance or scattering of the population of a species in an ecosystem. Mutualism- type of species interaction in which both alive(p) species generally benefit. Parasitism- interaction between species in which one organism preys on another organism. Persistence- (same as inertia)Population-group of individuals organisms of the same species living in a particular area. Population crush- dieback of a population exceeded carrying capacity. Population density- of organisms in a particular populations found in a specified area/volume. Predation- when an organism feeds on another.Predator- prey relationship relationship predator VS. Prey. Primary ecological succession- ecological succession in an area without soil or bottom sediments. rank of tolerance- range of chemical & physical conditions that must(prenominal)iness be maintained. Resilience- the ability of a living system to be restored through secondary succession after a implike disturbance. Resource partitioning- process of diving up resources.Secondary ecological succession- succession in which natural vegetation has been removed or destroyed but the soil hasnt.Chapter 6Cultural carrying capacity- the maximum number of people who could live in reasonable license and comfort. perfect(a) birth rate- the number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year. Crude Death rate- the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in given year. Fertility rate- the number of children born to a woman during her lifetime. Replacement-level fertility rate rare- is the average number of children that couples in a population must bear to replace themselves.Total f ertility rate- the average number of children born to women in a population during their reproductive years. lifetime expectancy- the average number of years a newborn infant can be expected to live. Infant mortality rate- the number of babies out of every 1,000 born who die before their first birthday. Demographic transition- when countries sour industrialized and economically developed, death judge and birth rates decline. Family planning- provides educational and clinical services that help couples chose how many children to have and when to have them.